Water Terms & Glossary

Commonly Used Water Terms S - Z

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S
SALINE WATER Water containing an excessive amount of dissolved salts, usually over 10.000 mg/I.
SALT The common name for the specific chemical compound sodium chloride. used in the regeneration of ion exchange water softeners. In chemistry, the term is applied to a class of chemical compounds which can be formed by the neutralization of an acid with a base.
SEQUESTER A chemical reaction in which certain ions are bound into a stable. water soluble compound. thus preventing undesirable action by the ions.
SEQUESTERING AGENT A chemical compound sometimes fed into water to tie up undesirable ions, keep them in solution, and eliminate or reduce the normal effects of the ions. For example, polyphosphates can sequester hardness and prevent reactions with soap.
SOAP One of a class of chemical compounds which possesses cleaning properties. formed by the reaction of a fatty acid with a base or alkali. Sodium and potassium soaps are soluble and useful. but can be converted to insoluble calcium and magnesium soaps (curd) by the presence of these hardness ions in water.
SODA ASH The common name for sodium carbonate. a chemical compound used as an alkaline builder in some soap and detergent formulations; to neutralize acid water; and in the lime-soda ash water treatment process.
SODIUM An ion found in natural water supplies. and introduced to water in the ion exchange water softening process. Sodium compounds are highly soluble. and do not react with soaps or detergents.
SODIUM CHLORIDE The chemical name for common salt. widely used in the regeneration of ion exchange water softeners.
SOFT WATER Any water which contains less than 1.0 gpg (17.1 mg/l) of hardness minerals, expressed as calcium carbonate.
SOFTENED WATER Any water that is treated to reduce hardness minerals to 1.0 gpg (17.1 mg/l) or less, expressed as calcium carbonate.
SOLUTE The substance which is dissolved in a solvent. Dissolved solids, such as the minerals found in water, are solutes.
SOLVENT The liquid, such as water, in which other materials (solutes) are dissolved.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY The ratio of the weight of a specific volume of a substance to the weight of the same volume of pure water at 4 C.
SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA A group of bacteria which are capable of reducing sulfates in water to hydrogen sulfide gas. thus producing obnoxious tastes and odors. These bacteria have no sanitary significance. and are classed as nuisance organisms.
SULFUR A yellowish solid element. The term is also used as a slang expression to refer to water containing hydrogen sulfide gas.
T
TDS The abbreviation for total dissolved solids.
THRESHOLD A very low concentration of a substance in water. The term is sometimes used to indicate the concentration which can just be detected.
TITRATION An analytical process in which a standard solution in a calibrated vessel is added to a measured volume of sample until an endpoint. such as a color change. is reached. From the volume of the sample and the volume of standard solution used, the concentration of a specific material may be calculated.
TOTAL ACIDITY The total of all forms of acidity. including mineral acidity, carbon dioxide, and acid salts. Total acidity is usually determined by titration with a standard base solution to the phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3).
TOTAL ALKALINITY The alkalinity of a water as determined by titration with standard acid solution to the methyl orange endpoint (pH approximately 4.5); sometimes abbreviated as "M alkalinity." Total alkalinity includes many alkalinity components, such as hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS The weight of solids per unit volume of water which are in true solution; usually determined by the evaporation of a measured volume of filtered water and determination of the residue weight.
TOTAL HARDNESS The sum of all hardness constituents in a water, expressed as the equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate. Primarily due to calcium and magnesium in solution, but may include small amounts of metals such as iron which can act like calcium and magnesium in certain reactions.
TOTAL SOLIDS The weight of all solids (dissolved and suspended, organic and inorganic) per unit volume of water; usually determined by the evaporation of a measured volume of water at 105 C in a pre-weighed dish.
TRANSPIRATION The passage of watery vapor through a membrane or pores.
TURBIDITY A measure of the amount of finely divided suspended matter in water, which causes the scattering and adsorption of light rays.

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Water Terms & Glossary

Commonly Used Water Terms S - Z

SALINE WATER

SALT

SEQUESTER

SEQUESTERING AGENT

SOAP

SODA ASH

SODIUM

SODIUM CHLORIDE

SOFT WATER

SOFTENED WATER

SOLUTE

SOLVENT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA

SULFUR

TDS

THRESHOLD

TITRATION

TOTAL ACIDITY

TOTAL ALKALINITY

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

TOTAL HARDNESS

TOTAL SOLIDS

TRANSPIRATION

TURBIDITY

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